Given the large number of metabolites within S-assimilation pathway, and the localization of enzymes and pathways in different compartments, a wide spectrum of plant metabolite transporters has to be expected. These metabolites are derived from various metabolic pathways and have diverse functions that range from proteogenic amino acids (Cys, Met), hormone derivatives (e.g., sulfojasmonate and sulfated brassinosteroids), antioxidants (e.g., GSH), signaling molecules (phosphonucleotide, PAP, and H 2S), and secondary metabolites (GSLs, sulfoflavonoids). GSH forms conjugates with electrophilic compounds such as heavy metal ions, secondary metabolites or xenobiotics via sulfhydryl group – the reaction mediated by GSH S-transferases or happening spontaneously ( Edwards and Dixon, 2005 Cummins et al., 2011).Ībout 300 different metabolites are predicted to incorporate sulfur in Arabidopsis and about 140 more sulfur metabolites that have not been assigned to the databases to date have been reported recently ( Gläser et al., 2014). GSH is a universal molecule, which plays a crucial role in plants including cellular defense, redox status, signal transduction and detoxification ( Noctor et al., 2012). Cys is the key metabolite in the synthesis of sulfur-containing compounds in plants, while the major pool of sulfur, which is not stored in proteins is the Cys-containing peptide GSH ( Hell and Wirtz, 2011). In parallel, adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate can be further phosphorylated to 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate, which is used for sulfation reactions ( Mugford et al., 2011 Ravilious and Jez, 2012). Taken up from the soil, sulfate is incorporated into adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate followed by reduction into sulfite and then sulfide and Cys biosynthesis. Although the primary and secondary sulfur assimilation pathways are well described, the metabolic networks and fluxes of these metabolites are still poorly understood ( Gläser et al., 2014). Sulfur uptake and distribution is tightly controlled in response to developmentally or environmentally induced changes in nutrient demand ( Yoshimoto et al., 2003 Buchner et al., 2004a). Understanding S metabolism in plants is essential for human nutrition as Met is an essential amino acid and as many S containing secondary metabolites and specialized peptides are important for biotic and abiotic interactions of crop plants and their yield. It is required for the biosynthesis of proteins, co-enzymes, prosthetic groups, vitamins, amino acids like Cys and Met, GSH, and secondary metabolites such as GSL and sulfoflavonoids. HFS clients enjoy state-of-the-art warehousing, real-time access to critical business data, accounts receivable management and collection, and unparalleled customer service.Sulfur (S) is as an essential macronutrient for plant growth, development, and response to environmental changes. HFS provides print and digital distribution for a distinguished list of university presses and nonprofit institutions. MUSE delivers outstanding results to the scholarly community by maximizing revenues for publishers, providing value to libraries, and enabling access for scholars worldwide. Project MUSE is a leading provider of digital humanities and social sciences content, providing access to journal and book content from nearly 300 publishers.
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